A unified collection of case studies, research papers, and technical reports. Use this repository to benchmark workflows and discover operational insights.
Explore the locations of the 4D monitoring projects documented in this hub. Click markers for a quick summary.
Middle East Carbonate OBN
Offshore UAE/Qatar
Detecting subtle pressure depletion in stiff carbonates using high-repeatability OBN.
Gullfaks Main Field
North Sea, Norway
The pioneer of 4D. Identified undrained compartments leading to over $1B in added value since 1996.
Valhall LoFS
North Sea, Norway
First Life-of-Field Seismic (PRM). Over 20 surveys acquired, driving virtually every infill well decision.
Girassol
Offshore Angola (Block 17)
Deepwater turbidite monitoring. Textbook example of tracking water flood fronts in complex channels.
Atlantis OBN
Gulf of Mexico, USA
Sub-salt 4D imaging. Using OBN to see through complex salt bodies where streamers failed.
Ekofisk
North Sea, Norway
Compaction monitoring. Using 4D time-shifts to map pressure depletion and geomechanical arching.
Harding
North Sea, UK
Gas cap and aquifer monitoring. Critical for steering horizontal wells in thin sands.
Schiehallion
West of Shetland, UK
4D in a soft seabed environment. Proven capability to monitor connectivity in complex reservoirs.
Sleipner CCS 🔗
North Sea, Norway
The world's first industrial-scale CO2 storage monitoring. 4D seismic proved the safety of geological storage since 1996.
Pluto LNG
North West Shelf, Australia
Asia-Pacific deepwater gas monitoring. Identifying aquifer drive strength and compartment connectivity in a hard seabed setting.
Wister SAGD
Alberta, Canada
Onshore heavy oil monitoring. Using 4D to track steam chambers in shallow sands for thermal recovery optimization.
Johan Sverdrup
North Sea, Norway
Next-gen PRM & Gravity. Combining permanent seismic sensors with borehole gravity to monitor a giant field from day one.
Mars OBN
Gulf of Mexico, USA
Infrastructure-constrained imaging. Using nodes to undershoot the Mars TLP platform, revealing bypassed oil near the facility.
Draugen
Norwegian Sea
Complex tidal reservoir monitoring. Tracking water injection sweeping through heterogeneous Rogn formation sands.
Mariner
North Sea, UK
Visualizing gas-out-of-solution to manage pressure in a heavy oil reservoir, identifying quiet zones versus active hardening responses.
Clair Ridge
West of Shetland, UK
Ultra-high density OBN monitoring of a fractured basement. Successfully imaged through glacial boulders to optimize well placement.
Weyburn-Midale (Spot) 🔗
Saskatchewan, Canada
World-first application of Spot Seismic for frequent CO2-EOR monitoring, providing high-temporal resolution at a fraction of 4D cost.
Agogo OBN
Offshore Angola (Block 15/06)
State-of-the-art 4D OBN in deepwater. Resolved complex channel connectivity issues that were previously ambiguous on streamer data.
Daqing
Heilongjiang, China
Pioneering land 4D in China. Successfully mapped remaining oil saturation in mature water-flood compartments to guide infill drilling.
Tarim (Halahatang)
Xinjiang, China
Ultra-deep carbonate monitoring. Using 4D to track gas-injection sweeps in fractured reservoirs at depths exceeding 7,000m.
Jubarte PRM
Campos Basin, Brazil
The world's first ultra-deepwater optical PRM system, proving fiber-optic sensing at 1,300m depth and repositioning production wells by identifying previousl...
Gullfaks 4D seismic: 10 years of experience
2005 | Landrø, M. et al.
A definitive summary of how 4D seismic matured from a research experiment to a standard asset management tool, generating over $1B in added value.
#North Sea#Legacy#Value Creation
Life of Field Seismic (LoFS) at Valhall
2004 | Barkved, O.I. et al.
The case that changed the industry: installing permanent cables on the seabed for frequent, high-repeatability monitoring of a compacting chalk reservoir.
#PRM#Compaction#LoFS
Girassol: A textbook example of 4D seismic monitoring
2005 | Lygren, M. et al.
Demonstrating how 4D amplitudes can perfectly track water flood fronts in high-porosity turbidite channels in deepwater West Africa.
#West Africa#Deepwater#Turbidites
Jubarte PRM: 4D seismic in deep water
2013 | Thedy, E. et al.
Deploying the world's first deepwater optical Permanent Reservoir Monitoring system to manage a complex heavy oil field in Brazil.
#Brazil#PRM#Heavy Oil
Atlantis OBN 4D: Imaging below salt
2012 | Beasley, C. et al.
Using Ocean Bottom Nodes (OBN) to achieve 4D repeatability and illumination under complex salt canopies in the Gulf of Mexico.
#GoM#Sub-salt#OBN
Ekofisk 4D: Monitoring compaction and water flood
2014 | Bertrand, A. et al.
Using 4D time-shifts to map the geomechanical response of the overburden to reservoir compaction, a critical safety and production metric.
#Geomechanics#Time-shifts#Chalk
Harding field: 4D seismic imaging of gas injection
2008 | Dailly, P. et al.
Visualizing gas cap expansion and coning to optimize horizontal well placement in a high-quality sandstone reservoir.
#UK#Gas Cap#Horizontal Wells
Schiehallion: 4D in a soft seabed environment
2002 | Chapin, M. et al.
Early proof that 4D could work in the harsh West of Shetland environment, revealing compartmentalization that altered the drilling program.
#West of Shetland#FPSO#Connectivity
Sleipner 4D: Time-lapse seismic monitoring of CO2 injection
2004 | Arts, R. et al.
The seminal paper on CCS monitoring. Quantifying the thickness and distribution of CO2 layers in the Utsira aquifer.
#CCS#CO2 Storage#Environment
Pluto 4D: Challenges and successes in Australian waters
2015 | Smith, T. et al.
Overcoming strong currents and hard seafloor multiples to image gas-water contact movement in a major LNG feedstock field.
#Australia#Gas#Hard Seabed
Wister 4D: Monitoring steam chambers onshore
2011 | Nakayama, K. et al.
Using high-frequency land seismic to track heat fronts and steam chamber growth in shallow heavy oil sands.
#Onshore#Heavy Oil#Thermal
Johan Sverdrup: Integrated PRM and gravity monitoring
2019 | Alnes, H. et al.
A state-of-the-art surveillance strategy combining permanent seismic sensors with gravimetry to constrain the water balance in a giant reservoir.
#PRM#Multi-physics#Gravity
Mars OBN 4D: Undershooting platforms
2011 | Ross, A. et al.
Demonstrating how nodes can fill illumination gaps under production facilities that are impossible to image with streamers.
#GoM#Infrastructure#OBN
Draugen 4D: Success in a complex tidal reservoir
2000 | Koster, K. et al.
One of the earliest successes in using 4D to identify bypassed oil in heterogeneous tidal sands, leading to successful infill drilling.
#Tidal#Infill Drilling#Legacy
Mariner Field: 4D seismic monitoring of a heavy oil field
2024 | MacLellan, A. et al.
Capturing gas-out-of-solution signals to monitor pressure management and waterflood response in a giant heavy oil field.
#Heavy Oil#Pressure Management#North Sea
Clair Field: 4D ultra high density OBN acquisition
2023 | Tillotson, P. et al.
Overcoming glacial boulder scatterers and complex overburden with ultra-high density OBN to monitor a massive fractured basement reservoir.
#OBN#Fractured Reservoir#West of Shetland
Spot Seismic: 4 years of monitoring on the Weyburn site
2025 | Whitecap Resources et al.
Proving the value of frequent, sparse 'spot' seismic monitoring as a cost-effective alternative to full-field 4D for CO2-EOR surveillance.
#CCS#EOR#Sparse Monitoring
Agogo 4D OBN: A step change in deepwater monitoring
2022 | Mantica, S. et al.
Applying high-density OBN to resolve complex channel connectivity and optimize infill drilling in a fast-track deepwater development.
#West Africa#OBN#Fast-track
Daqing Field: Long-term land 4D monitoring of water flood
2018 | Liu, Y. et al.
A landmark land 4D project in China, demonstrating the use of high-resolution surface seismic to map remaining oil in high-water-cut areas.
#China#Land#Water Flood
Tarim Basin: 4D seismic for ultra-deep fractured reservoirs
2021 | Wang, H. et al.
Monitoring pressure changes and gas movement in ultra-deep (>7000m) carbonate reservoirs using high-repeatability 4D workflows.
#China#Ultra-deep#Carbonates
Jubarte PRM: The first deepwater optical permanent reservoir monitoring system
2013 | Thedy, E. et al.
The world's first ultra-deepwater optical PRM system, proving fiber-optic sensing at 1,300m depth and repositioning production wells by identifying previously invisible water encroachment.
#Brazil#PRM#Heavy Oil#Deepwater