Iceland Geologic Storage Act (Carbfix Mineralization)

The Carbfix mineralization pathway runs on Icelandic permits inside EU Directive duties: CO2 dissolved in water injected into basaltic rock mineralises within about two years — storage as stone, not as supervised gas. The Hellisheiði permit (106,000 t/yr, 3.18 Mt over 30 years) covers geothermal-plant CO2 to the deep system plus Climeworks Orca/Mammoth DAC volumes and a DAC Innovation Park to the intermediate system at ~500 m, with H2S co-storage rationale, tracer regimes and water-as-carrier (not waste) doctrine. EFTA Surveillance Authority opinion (June 26, 2024) walked the draft permit against every CCS Directive article and found it compliant, with monitoring-plan updates every five years and a provisional 20-year post-closure watch (shortenable at 95% mineralisation). Five injection sites operate worldwide on the method with 100,000+ tonnes stored to date; seawater injection is the active research frontier from CarbFix2.