Policy Database

Regulatory Framework Verified

Upcoming

China National Standards for CCUS (GB Series)

China 2026

## 1. 2026 Governance Milestone China's 12 new national standards establish technical benchmarks.

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India Union Budget 2026: CCUS Incentive Scheme

India 2026

India's 2026-27 Union Budget represents a historic fiscal commitment to carbon management, allocating **200 billion rupees** (~$2.2 Billion USD) over five years. The centerpiece is the 'Viability Gap Funding (VGF)' mechanism, specifically designed to de-risk high-CAPEX sequestration projects in the cement, steel, and refining sectors. Launched alongside the 2025 National CCUS R&D Roadmap, the policy promotes a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model to establish regional sequestration hubs across

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Belgium Federal CCUS and Hydrogen Strategy 2025

Belgium 2025

Belgium's updated strategy focuses on its role as a CO2 transit hub for Western Europe. The framework regulates the transport via the Antwerp-Bruges and North Sea Port clusters, and establishes cross-border storage agreements with Norway and Denmark.

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Chile Green Hydrogen and CCUS Roadmap 2025

Chile 2025

Chile's Green Hydrogen Action Plan 2023-2030 includes CCUS as a critical technology for the development of synthetic fuels. The regulatory framework is being expanded to cover carbon capture and storage in the Magallanes and Antofagasta regions.

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China CCUS Technology Development Roadmap (2025)

China 2025

The China CCUS Technology Development Roadmap (2025) is the third national technology roadmap prepared under the coordination of the Administrative Centre for China’s Agenda 21, following the 2011 and 2019 editions. It reassesses the role of carbon capture, utilisation and storage under China’s carbon-peaking and carbon-neutrality goals, reviews technology maturity, cost, mitigation potential, sustainability benefits and demonstration progress across the value chain, and shifts the development f

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China National ETS Expansion to Steel, Cement and Aluminium (2025)

China 2025

The Ministry of Ecology and Environment work plan, approved by the State Council and issued in March 2025, brought steel, cement and aluminium smelting into China’s national emissions trading system. It is the first operational expansion beyond the power sector and introduces sector-specific greenhouse-gas accounting, reporting, verification, allocation and compliance arrangements. The start-up phase covers 2024-2026, followed by a deepening phase from 2027. The policy creates an indirect carbon

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China Batch of 12 CCUS National Standards (2025)

China 2025

China published a coordinated batch of 12 national CCUS standards on 31 December 2025, with implementation from 1 July 2026. The batch establishes a common technical vocabulary and covers major interfaces across the CCUS chain, including post-combustion capture-system requirements and performance evaluation, CO2 stream quality and transport, geological storage, storage associated with CO2-enhanced oil recovery, and greenhouse-gas reduction accounting. Representative standards include GB/T 46877-

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China National Zero-Carbon Park Construction Notice (2025)

China 2025

NDRC, MIIT and the National Energy Administration issued the national zero-carbon park construction notice in June 2025. It establishes application, construction and evaluation arrangements for national demonstration parks, with priorities including energy-system transformation, industrial decarbonisation, carbon accounting, product carbon-footprint management and financial support. The notice does not mandate CCS as a universal or core pathway for every park.

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Colombia Regulatory Decree for CCUS 2025

Colombia 2025

Colombia's Decree 2025 provides the specific regulatory details missing from Law 2099. It regulates CO2 storage in the Llanos and Caribbean basins, focusing on EOR and offshore sequestration potentials.

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Danish CCS Subsidy Scheme 2025

Denmark 2025

In 2025, Denmark secured EU approval for a €3.8 billion CCS subsidy scheme to support massive capture and storage. The framework focuses on biogenic CO2 (NECCS) and large-scale fossil capture, positioning Denmark as a central European storage hub with projects like Greensand.

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Spain Climate Change and CCS Framework 2025

Spain 2025

Spain's Law 7/2021 on Climate Change was updated to facilitate the geological storage of CO2. The focus is on industrial clusters in the Basque Country and Pyrenees region, aligning with EU TEN-E regulations for cross-border infrastructure.

Gold Standard Engineered Removals Activity Requirements (2025)

International 2025

Gold Standard published its Engineered Removals Activity Requirements on 22 July 2025. The framework sets high-level requirements for engineered carbon dioxide removal activities seeking Gold Standard certification and provides the basis for subsequent methodology and project development. The prior 2023 date in the database was not supported by the official publication record.

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Greece Strategic Framework for CCS Development 2025

Greece 2025

Greece's 2025 framework focuses on the Prinos offshore storage hub and the development of the 'Eni-Hellas' Mediterranean corridor. It integrates EU NZIA targets into national climate legislation.

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Iceland Onshore Mineralization Storage Framework 2025

Iceland 2025

In April 2025, Carbfix received the first-ever EU onshore CO2 storage permit for mineralization in Iceland. This milestone operationalizes the EU CCS Directive for onshore basaltic mineralization. Iceland is also developing the Coda Terminal, an €115M EU-funded cross-border hub for CO2 import and permanent storage.

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South Korea CCUS Act Enforcement Decree (2025)

South Korea 2025

The Enforcement Decree implements South Korea’s Act on Carbon Dioxide Capture, Transport, Storage and Utilisation from 7 February 2025. It specifies procedures and criteria for capture-facility plans, transport-business approvals, pipeline safety management and inspection, storage-site exploration approvals, storage-business approvals, safety management, monitoring and performance evaluation. It also details certification and support arrangements for CO2 utilisation technologies, products and sp

Korea MOTIE CCUS Strategic Cluster Designation Criteria

South Korea 2025

Rules for designating specialized CCUS clusters, providing financial and administrative support for industrial co-location.

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SENER CCUS Legal Framework & CCS Cluster Strategy (2025)

Mexico 2025

The 2025 SENER CCUS Legal Framework re-integrates carbon capture into Mexico's national climate strategy, aiming for a 35% emissions reduction by 2030. It plans the development of CCS clusters by 2027 and prioritizes state-led initiatives via PEMEX (CO2-EOR) and CFE (Plan México) while leveraging subnational leadership in states like Tamaulipas and Querétaro.

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Malaysia Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage Act 2025 (Act 870)

Malaysia 2025

Malaysia’s Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage Act 2025 is Act 870, not Act 859. It was gazetted on 1 August 2025 and came into force on 1 October 2025. The Act establishes the Malaysian Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage Agency under section 6 and provides the federal framework for administering and supervising CCUS activities. MyCCUS and designated competent technical entities implement the licensing, permitting, technical and compliance functions, while subsidiary regulations and ope

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Netherlands Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) Roadmap 2025

Netherlands 2025

The Netherlands published its CDR Roadmap in 2025, targeting 20-25 Mt of CO2 removals by 2040. The CCUS framework integrates with the Porthos project (operational 2026) and utilizes a CO2 levy for industry, aligned with EU's industrial carbon management goals.

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Norway 2025 CO2 Storage Licensing Round 1

Norway 2025

Norway announced one North Sea area for CO2 storage licensing on 5 March 2025 under the CO2 Storage Regulations. Following evaluation, Equinor Low Carbon Solution was offered exploration licence EXL014, valid from 24 June 2025. The official source describes this as “Announcement 2025, round 1” and the eighth award process, not a fourteenth licensing round; the legacy database ID is retained only for compatibility.

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Norway Longship Operational Framework 2025

Norway 2025

Norway's 'Longship' project enters full operational phase in 2025. The regulatory focus has shifted to cross-border CO2 transport and storage through bilateral agreements (MoUs) with Denmark, Netherlands, and others, effectively operationalizing the London Protocol amendment for CCS.

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Philippines CCUS Development Framework 2025

Philippines 2025

The Philippine DOE Circular 2025 establishes the initial guidelines for carbon capture and storage in depleted oil and gas fields (e.g., Malampaya). It integrates CCUS into the Philippine Energy Plan (PEP) 2020-2040.

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Romania Operational Law for Geological CO2 Storage 2025

Romania 2025

Updating the 2013 framework, Romania's 2025 Law operationalizes large-scale storage in depleted gas fields in Transylvania and offshore Black Sea. It aligns with the EU NZIA and establishes the national authority for CCS monitoring.

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Singapore Carbon Pricing (CCUS) Framework 2025

Singapore 2025

Singapore's Carbon Pricing Act was amended in 2024 to raise carbon tax and include CCUS as an eligibility for carbon credits. The focus is on cross-border transport and Article 6 integration for regional hubs.

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Thailand Draft Climate Change Act 2025

Thailand 2025

Thailand's draft Climate Change Act, approved in Dec 2025, establishes a centralized governance framework under the National Climate Change Policy Committee (NCCPC). It introduces a preliminary carbon tax (THB 200/ton) and designates the Department of Mineral Fuels (DMF) as the lead for CCS, focusing on the Upper Gulf of Thailand.

Climate Law (No. 7552 of 2025)

Turkey 2025

Climate Law No. 7552 (2025) provides the legal foundation for a national Emissions Trading System (TR ETS) and a 2053 Net-Zero target. It targets carbon-intensive sectors (Cement, Steel, Electricity) for CBAM alignment and introduces 'Green Taxonomy' regulations to unlock CCUS infrastructure financing.

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UK Industrial Carbon Capture Business Model (2025)

United Kingdom 2025

The UK Industrial Carbon Capture (ICC) Business Model is the government contractual support framework for industrial and waste-sector carbon capture projects. The November 2025 package includes updated business-model terms, Front End Agreements and standard terms and conditions. The model combines an up-to-15-year payment per tonne of captured and permanently stored CO2 with capital grant co-funding for eligible initial projects. Revenue support is intended to cover efficient operating costs, CO

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U.S. Public Law 119-21: 2025 Amendments to Section 45Q

United States 2025

Public Law 119-21, enacted on 4 July 2025, amended Section 45Q through section 70522. For qualifying facilities or equipment placed in service after 4 July 2025, it establishes parity between credit amounts for utilisation or enhanced recovery and those for secure geological storage. It also adds restrictions for specified foreign entities and foreign-influenced entities. The law preserved the higher IRA credit architecture; it did not newly create the existing $180-per-tonne DAC storage and $85

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Vietnam Domestic Carbon Market Framework 2025

Vietnam 2025

Vietnam's Decree 119/2025 and 29/2026 establish the legal framework for the domestic carbon market. In 2026, pilot GHG quotas were authorized for 110 large facilities, totaling 243 Mt CO2e. The full ETS official operation is scheduled for 2029.

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Vietnam Decree 119/2025: GHG & Carbon Management

Vietnam 2025

Issued in June 2025, Decree No. 119/2025/ND-CP is the primary executive order governing Vietnam's transition to a structured carbon economy. It establishes the **National Registration System** for GHG quotas and credits and mandates an emission allowance pilot for the power, steel, and cement sectors during 2025-2026. For the CCUS sector, the Decree provides the first legal recognition of sequestration outcomes as tradeable offsets within the domestic system. By delegating methodology developmen

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Incentive Regime for Large Investments (RIGI - CCUS 2024)

Argentina 2024

The 2024 Incentive Regime for Large Investments (RIGI, Law 27.742) establishes massive tax, customs, and foreign exchange incentives for projects exceeding $200M. CCUS is explicitly listed as an eligible activity within the energy sector, supporting the capture, transport, and storage of CO2, particularly for the Vaca Muerta shale basin and 'Blue Hydrogen' production.

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Federal Decree-Law No. (11) of 2024 & Abu Dhabi Carbon Capture Policy

United Arab Emirates 2024

Federal Decree-Law No. (11) of 2024 mandates GHG MRV for all entities starting May 2025. In early 2026, Abu Dhabi launched a dedicated Carbon Capture Policy to support its 2050 Net Zero goal, establishing a regulatory framework and a National Register for Carbon Credits (NRCC).

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Australia Offshore GHG Storage (Safety) Regulations 2024

Australia 2024

Australia implemented the Offshore Petroleum and Greenhouse Gas Storage (Safety) Regulations 2024 in June 2025, modernizing the safety landscape for offshore carbon management. The new rules focus heavily on **psychosocial risks** and enhanced worker protection, aligning with international health and safety benchmarks. A critical pillar is the **Design Notification Scheme**, which requires storage projects to submit detailed safety cases to NOPSEMA during the early engineering phase. Furthermore

Western Australia Petroleum Legislation Amendment Act 2024

Australia 2024

Legislation establishing the regulatory framework for permanent geological storage of GHG substances in Western Australian waters.

Brazil ANP Resolution on CCS Authorization (Law 14.993)

Brazil 2024

Detailed regulatory resolution defining the application process for 30-year CCS permits and mandatory inventory standards.

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Brazil 'Fuels of the Future' Act (Law No. 14,993/2024)

Brazil 2024

Law No. 14,993/2024 establishes Brazil’s federal legal basis for the capture, transport and permanent geological storage of CO2 outside contracted oil-and-gas enhanced-recovery operations. It assigns ANP responsibility for regulating and authorising the CCS industry, provides for authorisations of 30 years renewable for a further 30 years, and requires storage plans, monitoring, validated data, storage and leakage inventories, contingency action and regulatory audits. The law does not establish

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Brazilian Emissions Trading System (SBCE) — Law No. 15,042/2024

Brazil 2024

Law No. 15,042/2024 establishes the Brazilian Emissions Trading System (SBCE) as a regulated environment for limiting greenhouse-gas emissions and trading assets representing emissions, verified reductions or verified removals. The law expressly includes direct air capture and storage among possible removal technologies and establishes phased implementation, registry, reporting, verification and compliance architecture. It does not authorise geological CO2 storage projects; the CCS operating and

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California Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) 2024/2025 Amendments

United States 2024

A premier market mechanism allowing CCUS projects to generate tradable credits based on CI reduction. LCFS credits can be stacked with federal 45Q credits for maximum incentive value.

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Switzerland Revised CO2 Act (CCS/NETs) 2024

Switzerland 2024

Switzerland's revised CO2 Act (post-2024) integrates CCS and Negative Emission Technologies (NETs) as core components of its climate strategy. The framework establishes a subsidy scheme for large-scale CCS and focuses on international cooperation for cross-border CO2 transport and storage.

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Administrative Measures for Greenhouse Gas Voluntary Emission Reduction Trading (Trial)

China 2024

The CCER restart in 2024 explicitly includes CCUS as one of the first four supported methodologies. Projects can generate certified emission reductions for trade in the national carbon market, providing a clear revenue stream for CCS projects in the power and industrial sectors.

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Guangdong Carbon Inclusive & CCUS Offset Rules 2024

China 2024

Guangdong Province released its updated 2024 Carbon Allocation and Offset Rules in March 2025, allowing covered entities to use offset credits (CCERs and local PHCERs) for up to **10%** of their verified emissions. A key innovation is the 'Local Stimulus' mandate: 70% of used credits must originate from projects within Guangdong. For CCUS demonstrations, the province provides a dedicated Carbon Inclusive pathway, allowing physical sequestration outcomes to be monetized at a premium within the re

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China MEE Guidance on CCUS Environmental Oversight (2024 Update)

China 2024

## Policy Overview In 2024, China's Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE) significantly refined its regulatory oversight for CCUS projects. Building upon the 2016 trial guidelines and integrated with the 2024 China CCUS Annual Report, this updated guidance establishes the 'environmental redlines' for the entire value chain. A key feature is the mandate for 'Synergistic Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)', which requires projects to evaluate conventional pollutants and carbon emissions

National Carbon Peaking Pilot (Ordos) Implementation Plan (2024)

China 2024

A flagship national pilot roadmap positioning Ordos as a global leader in large-scale CCUS applications for coal-based industries.

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Carbon Management Strategy (CMS) & KSpG Amendment

Germany 2024

The 2024 Carbon Management Strategy (CMS) and the KSpG amendment mark Germany's pivotal shift towards proactive CCUS implementation. It permits offshore storage in the EEZ, grants federal states 'opt-in' powers for onshore storage, and defines CCUS as being in the 'overriding public interest' to accelerate permitting. Coal-fired power is excluded.

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Germany Carbon Management Strategy Key Principles (2024)

Germany 2024

Germany published key principles for a Carbon Management Strategy and a draft amendment to the Carbon Dioxide Storage Act in February 2024. The federal cabinet adopted the key principles in May 2024. They prioritise CCS and CCU for hard-to-abate emissions and propose enabling CO2 transport and offshore storage while excluding marine protected areas.

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Denmark Negative Emission Carbon Capture and Storage (NECCS) Fund & CCfD

Denmark 2024

## Policy Core The Denmark CCfD Program is a 20-year subsidy scheme based on competitive tendering, designed to kickstart large-scale CCS deployment.

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Egypt Carbon Market Framework 2024

Egypt 2024

Egypt's Financial Regulatory Authority (FRA) launched the first voluntary carbon market in 2024. The framework includes CCUS as a valid methodology for generating carbon credits, focusing on industrial decarbonization and Mediterranean storage hubs.

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EU Carbon Removal Certification Framework (CRCF)

European Union 2024

## Policy Overview The EU Carbon Removal Certification Framework (CRCF) is the world's first voluntary framework providing a unified legal definition for high-quality carbon removals. Enacted via Regulation 2024/3012, it establishes the 'QU.A.L.ITY' criteria—Quantification, Additionality, Long-term storage, and Sustainability—to verify carbon sequestration activities across the Union. For the CCUS sector, the CRCF is transformative as it formally classifies **DACCS (Direct Air Capture with Ca

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EU Industrial Carbon Management Strategy (COM(2024) 62)

European Union 2024

The European Commission communication COM(2024) 62 is the EU’s dedicated roadmap for industrial carbon management. It organises the policy around three pathways—CCS, permanent industrial carbon removals and CCU—and calls for integrated CO2 capture, transport, utilisation and storage value chains. It supports the strategic objective of at least 50 Mt per year of operational CO2 injection capacity by 2030, coordinated transport infrastructure, cross-border interoperability and the development of a

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EU Innovation Fund

European Union 2024

The EU Innovation Fund is one of the world’s largest public funding programmes for demonstrating and deploying innovative net-zero and low-carbon technologies. Established under Article 10a(8) of the EU ETS Directive, it recycles revenues from the auctioning of EU ETS allowances into competitive grants, auctions and project-development assistance across EU Member States and associated eligible territories. Carbon capture, utilisation and storage projects are eligible where they demonstrate subst

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EU Net-Zero Industry Act (NZIA)

European Union 2024

## Policy Overview The Net-Zero Industry Act (NZIA), which entered into force in June 2024, is the legislative backbone of the EU’s strategy to scale up the manufacturing of clean technologies. For the CCS sector, it introduces a groundbreaking mandate: **a Union-wide objective to reach an annual injection capacity of at least 50 million tonnes of CO2 by 2030**. Central to achieving this goal is the **individual contribution obligation for oil and gas producers**. Companies producing crud

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France CCUS Deployment Outlook (2024)

France 2024

France published its state-of-play and deployment outlook for carbon capture, utilisation and storage on 4 July 2024. It prioritises CCUS for major industrial sites and sectors with limited alternative abatement options, building on the strategic orientations consulted on in 2023.

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Strategy for Decarbonising Industry (CCUS Roadmap 2024)

France 2024

The 2024 French CCUS Strategy establishes a comprehensive roadmap to capture 4-8 Mtpa of CO2 by 2030. It prioritizes hard-to-abate sectors, implements a Carbon Contract for Difference (CCfD) subsidy mechanism, and establishes the legal basis for cross-border CO2 transport through a 2024 bilateral agreement with Norway. It also streamlines subsurface permitting via the Green Industry Act.

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Indonesia Presidential Regulation No. 14/2024 (CCS Framework)

Indonesia 2024

## Policy Overview Enacted on January 30, 2024, Indonesia’s Presidential Regulation No. 14 of 2024 (PR 14/2024) provides the first comprehensive legal architecture for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in Southeast Asia. Designed to turn Indonesia into a premier carbon management hub, the regulation establishes two primary operating models: CCS within existing upstream Oil & Gas Working Areas (conducted by PSC contractors via contract amendments) and independent Carbon Storage Permit Areas (WI

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ICAO CORSIA Carbon Offsetting & CCU Fuel Rules (2024)

International 2024

The ICAO Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA) entered its first phase in 2024, involving 126 member states. The policy's heart is the mandatory use of certified carbon credits or **CCU-based e-fuels (SAF)** to meet carbon-neutral growth targets. Updated for 2024-2025, the framework establishes rigorous certification for the CO2 sources used in fuel synthesis, ensuring they meet strict sustainability criteria. CORSIA provides the most critical high-value end-

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Under development

IMO Onboard Carbon Capture & Storage (OCCS) Framework

International 2024

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is formalizing the global regulatory landscape for Onboard Carbon Capture and Storage (OCCS) by amending MARPOL Annex VI. The 2024 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Guidelines now officially recognize emissions credits for carbon captured at sea. This framework is set to be fully complemented by 2028 with standards for environmental risk assessment and CO2 shore-based reception facilities. It represents a strategic shift in shipping decarbonization toward

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National Mission for CCUS & Regulatory Roadmap

India 2024

The 2024 National Mission for CCUS, led by NITI Aayog, establishes a comprehensive framework including Viability Gap Funding (VGF), regional hub development, and a regulatory roadmap for pore space and liability. It integrates with the Indian Carbon Market (CCTS) to monetize emissions reductions.

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Paris Agreement Article 6.4 Mechanism (CCS & CDR Standards)

International 2024

## Policy Overview Article 6.4 of the Paris Agreement establishes a United Nations-led global carbon market mechanism (A6.4ERs), enabling parties to trade high-integrity emission reductions and removals. In October 2024, the Article 6.4 Supervisory Body (SBM) finalized and adopted groundbreaking standards for **Carbon Removals**, which became effective during COP29. This formalizes the path for CCS and Direct Air Capture (DAC) projects to generate internationally recognized carbon credits eli

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Law 11/2024 - CCUS Regulatory Modernization

Italy 2024

Law 11/2024 modernizes Italy's CCUS framework by amending Legislative Decree 162/2011. It designates offshore depleted reservoirs as legally suitable for storage, introduces a 20-year minimum liability transfer window, and exempts small-scale pilot projects (<100kt) from Environmental Impact Assessments. It supports the development of the Ravenna CCS hub and the Callisto Mediterranean Network.

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Japan Act on Carbon Dioxide Storage Businesses (CCS Business Act)

Japan 2024

Japan enacted the CCS Business Act in May 2024 to establish licensing systems for carbon dioxide storage businesses and exploratory drilling, create legally protected storage and exploratory-drilling rights, and regulate storage operations and pipeline transport of carbon dioxide. Exploration-related provisions entered into force in stages on 5 August and 18 November 2024. METI set 22 May 2026 as the full enforcement date and completed the associated Cabinet Orders, including registration rules

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Japan JOGMEC Advanced CCS Projects Support Program

Japan 2024

## Policy Overview JOGMEC (Japan Organization for Metals and Energy Security) serves as the financial catalyst for the nation’s 2030 goal of storing 6-12 Mtpa of CO2. Through its 'Advanced CCS Projects' program, JOGMEC provides critical funding for Front-End Engineering Design (FEED) and exploratory drilling, effectively de-risking the most uncertain early phases of the CCUS value chain. In June 2024, JOGMEC formally selected **9 flagship projects** for priority support, covering both domesti

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South Korea Act on Carbon Dioxide Capture, Transport, Storage and Utilisation

South Korea 2024

South Korea enacted Act No. 20203 on 6 February 2024. The law took effect on 7 February 2025 and establishes the national framework for technology development and industrialisation of carbon dioxide capture, transport, storage and utilisation, including storage-business and marine-storage provisions.

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Act on the Promotion of CCUS and Safety Management

Republic of Korea 2024

The 2024 CCUS Promotion Act (Act on the Promotion of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage and Safety Management) provides the first unified legal framework for CCUS in Korea. It introduces a 'One-stop Shop' for permitting, establishes subsurface storage rights, and creates a liability transfer mechanism to the state after stability is confirmed. It explicitly supports international CCS projects for CO2 export.

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Kuwait KPC Net Zero Strategy 2024

Kuwait 2024

Kuwait Petroleum Corporation (KPC) released its Energy Transition Strategy in 2023/2024, targeting Net Zero by 2050 for domestic operations. CCUS is identified as a core pillar for industrial decarbonization, particularly in the refinery and petrochemical sectors.

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Kazakhstan Ecology Code (CCUS) Framework 2024

Kazakhstan 2024

Kazakhstan's Ecology Code was amended in 2023/2024 to formally recognize CCUS technologies as climate mitigation measures. The framework provides the legal basis for geological CO2 storage permits and integrates with the national ETS (Zhasyl Damu).

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Netherlands SDE++ Climate Transition Incentive Scheme

Netherlands 2024

## Policy Overview The Netherlands' SDE++ scheme is a premier global example of the Carbon Contract for Difference (CCfD) model, designed to bridge the 'unprofitable component' of decarbonization technologies. For CCS and CCU, the scheme provides a 15-year operating subsidy that covers the gap between the full project cost (Base Price) and the market value of avoided emissions (EU ETS Price). In 2024, the scheme was significantly updated with a maximum subsidy intensity of **€400 per tonne

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Nigeria NUPRC Upstream Decarbonization Rules 2024

Nigeria 2024

The Nigeria Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission (NUPRC) Decarbonization Rules 2024 establish a framework for carbon capture, storage, and utilization in the upstream sector. It mandates annual carbon reporting and establishes penalties for non-compliance with the new emission reduction targets.

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Norway CO2 Storage & Transport Regulations (Offshore)

Norway 2024

## Policy Overview Norway’s legal framework for carbon storage is anchored in Regulation No. 1517, originally established in 2014 and updated in 2020. Built upon the EU CCS Directive and integrated with Norwegian petroleum law, it provides the definitive regulatory structure for offshore storage on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS). The regulation asserts state ownership over all subsea reservoirs and mandates a rigorous permitting system for exploration, development, and operation. A

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Oman CCUS Strategic Roadmap 2024

Oman 2024

Oman's CCUS Roadmap 2024, led by the Ministry of Energy and Minerals (MEM), identifies 25 Mt CO2/yr storage potential by 2050. The framework focuses on PDO-operated storage hubs and the integration of carbon mineralization in peridotite formations.

Philippines CCUS Strategic Roadmap

Philippines 2024

The roadmap outlines the regulatory and technical pathways for CCUS implementation in the Philippines, focusing on offshore storage potential in the West Philippine Sea.

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Poland Geological and Mining Law (CCS) 2024

Poland 2024

Poland's amendment to the Geological and Mining Law in 2023 removes the prohibition of large-scale CO2 storage and implements the EU CCS Directive. The framework enables offshore and onshore CO2 storage and integrates with the national energy transition strategy (PEP2040).

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I R M S T

Strategic Guidance Verified

Active

Qatar National Environment and Climate Change Strategy 2024

Qatar 2024

Qatar's refreshed National Environment and Climate Change Strategy (2024) focuses on integrating CCUS into its LNG expansion. It targets a 25% GHG reduction by 2030 and aims to capture 11 Mt CO2/year by 2035, supported by new MRV systems and regulatory standards for carbon management.

Romania CCUS Regulatory Framework 2024

Romania 2024

A specific legal framework for the transport and storage of CO2, aligned with EU directives and supporting the Hope and Constanta clusters.

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Core baseline

Strategic Guidance Verified

Active

Circular Carbon Economy (CCE) National Program

Saudi Arabia 2024

The Saudi Circular Carbon Economy (CCE) National Program framework, strengthened in 2024, establishes the Kingdom's regulatory path for the Jubail CCS Hub. It integrates the Green Financing Framework for CCUS funding and the GCOM (GHG Crediting and Offsetting Mechanism) for carbon monetization. The Ministry of Energy manages pore space as a state asset via concessions.

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I R M S T

Strategic Guidance Verified

Active

ADNOC 2030 Carbon Capture & Decarbonization Strategy

United Arab Emirates 2024

## Policy Overview ADNOC, the UAE's state-owned energy giant, is aggressively scaling its CCUS capacity with a revised target of **10 million tonnes per annum (Mtpa) by 2030**, double its previous goal. This strategy is central to achieving ADNOC's accelerated Net Zero 2045 ambition. Key pillars include the operational Al Reyadah facility—the world's first commercial iron and steel carbon capture plant—and the newly approved Habshan CCS project. The Habshan project, targeting 1.5 Mtpa by 2

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Strategic Guidance Verified

Draft for public comment

Draft U.S. DOE Carbon Management Strategy (2024)

United States 2024

The U.S. Department of Energy published its Carbon Management Strategy as a draft for public comment in October 2024. It outlines DOE’s near-term programme priorities through 2030 across research, demonstration and deployment, CO2 transport and storage infrastructure, policy coordination, community and workforce engagement, and international cooperation. The official DOE page continues to identify the document as a draft rather than a final binding strategy.

Verra CCS Methodology (VM0049)

International 2024

VM0049 Carbon Capture and Storage is Verra’s globally applicable Verified Carbon Standard methodology for quantifying greenhouse-gas emission reductions and carbon dioxide removals from eligible CCS activities. Approved on 27 June 2024, it uses a modular architecture: projects combine the overarching VM0049 requirements with activity-specific capture, transport and storage modules that match their design. Active modules include direct air capture, CO2 transport, storage in saline aquifers and de

Climate Change Act (No. 22 of 2024)

South Africa 2024

The Climate Change Act No. 22 of 2024 establishes mandatory carbon budgets and sectoral emission targets. It integrates CCUS as a key technology for hard-to-abate sectors, supported by the national pilot project in Mpumalanga (confirming 34Gt storage capacity) and a transitioning carbon tax regime reaching R308/t by 2026.

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Strategic Guidance Verified

Active

UAE Net Zero 2050 Strategy

United Arab Emirates 2023

The UAE Net Zero 2050 Strategy translates the country’s net-zero initiative and national pathway into more than 25 programmes across six sectors. The official strategy identifies carbon capture technologies, climate finance, research and development, skills and sectoral efficiency measures as enabling components of the transition.

Alberta TIER System & CCS Incentives

Canada 2023

Alberta's Technology Innovation and Emissions Reduction (TIER) framework, updated in 2024 to set a carbon price floor of $170/t by 2030, specifically incentivizing sequestration credits.

Australia Safeguard Mechanism 2023

Australia 2023

Mandatory emission reduction tool for Australia's largest emitters, requiring a 4.9% annual decline in carbon intensity, driving demand for industrial CCUS.

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Regulatory Framework Verified

Active

Canada CCUS Investment Tax Credit (ITC)

Canada 2023

## Policy Core The Canada CCUS ITC is a refundable tax credit of up to 60%, legally established in 2024.

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I R M S T

Strategic Guidance Verified

Active

Implementation Plan for Green and Low-Carbon Advanced Technology Demonstration Projects (2023)

China 2023

NDRC and nine other departments issued the Implementation Plan for Green and Low-Carbon Advanced Technology Demonstration Projects in August 2023. The plan launched the first application round and includes carbon capture, utilisation and storage among the advanced technologies eligible for demonstration support. The first project list was subsequently published in 2024.

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Core baseline

Market Mechanism Verified

Active

Hubei ETS Carbon Offset Rules (CCUS Provisions)

China 2023

## Policy Overview The Hubei Emissions Trading Scheme (Hubei ETS) is one of China's most robust regional carbon market pilots, featuring a dedicated offset mechanism that includes CCUS activities. Under the 2024 Allocation Plan, covered entities in Hubei can purchase CCERs (National Certified Voluntary Emission Reductions), including those from CCUS projects, to offset up to **5%** of their annual allowance compliance obligations. The strategic value of this policy lies in its ability to c

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Market Mechanism Verified

Active

EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)

European Union 2023

Regulation (EU) 2023/956 establishes the European Union Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism to apply an EU-ETS-linked carbon cost to the embedded emissions of covered imports and reduce carbon-leakage risk. The initial product scope includes cement, iron and steel, aluminium, fertilisers, electricity and hydrogen. A reporting-only transitional phase ran from October 2023 through December 2025; the definitive regime began on 1 January 2026, requiring authorised CBAM declarants to report verified e

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I R M S T

Economic Incentive Verified

Active

Malaysia CCS Tax Incentives (Budget 2023)

Malaysia 2023

Malaysia introduced dedicated CCS tax incentives for applications from 25 February 2023 to 31 December 2027. In-house CCS projects and CCS service providers may receive an Investment Tax Allowance equal to 100% of qualifying capital expenditure for ten years, offset against up to 100% of statutory income. CCS service providers may alternatively receive a 70% statutory-income tax exemption for ten years. Eligible equipment receives import-duty and sales-tax exemptions, and users of CCS services m

Malaysia National Energy Transition Roadmap (NETR) - CCUS Pillar

Malaysia 2023

Malaysia's strategic roadmap identifying CCUS as a key lever for decarbonization and economic growth.

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Economic Incentive Verified

Active

Norway Petroleum Tax Act: CCS Deduction & Exemptions

Norway 2023

## Policy Overview The Norwegian Petroleum Tax Act provides a world-leading fiscal environment for offshore CCS operations. With a combined marginal tax rate of **78%** (22% corporate + 71.8% special tax), Norway applies a 'Cash-flow system' where CCS investments since 2022 are 100% deductible in the year they occur against the 71.8% special tax base. Operationally, the regime offers three massive benefits: 1. **CO2 Tax Exemption**: Since 2023, emitters can reclaim CO2 taxes paid on fuel

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Strategic Guidance Verified

Active

Climate Doctrine of the Russian Federation (2023 Update)

Russia 2023

The updated 2023 Climate Doctrine of the Russian Federation reaffirms carbon neutrality by 2060 and prioritizes CCUS development. It is supported by mandatory carbon reporting for large emitters (starting 2023) and the Sakhalin Carbon Experiment, which aims for regional neutrality by 2025 through a quota-based system and domestic technological sovereignty.

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Strategic Guidance Verified

Active

Saudi Arabia Hydrogen Strategy & CCS Coupling

Saudi Arabia 2023

Saudi Arabia has fully integrated CCS into its National Hydrogen Strategy as the primary vehicle for achieving a 'Circular Carbon Economy.' Saudi Aramco has committed **10% of its 2024-2026 CAPEX** to its New Energies division, focusing heavily on Carbon Capture and blue hydrogen production. The Saudi Green Initiative (SGI) targets 278 Mtpa of emission reductions by 2030, with CCS hubs serving as the physical backbone for this goal. By leveraging its unrivaled geological assets and low-cost natu

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Regulatory Framework Verified

Active

Saudi Circular Carbon Economy (CCE) & Jubail CCS Hub Strategy

Saudi Arabia 2023

## Policy Overview Saudi Arabia’s CCUS strategy is built upon the Circular Carbon Economy (CCE) framework, a model it successfully championed during its 2020 G20 Presidency. Based on the 4Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Remove), the strategy sets a massive milestone: reaching **44 million tonnes per annum (Mtpa) of CO2 storage by 2035**. This is a non-negotiable pillar for the Kingdom’s 2060 Net Zero target. The flagship Jubail CCS Hub, scheduled for 2027 startup, will initially capture 9 Mtpa

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I R M S T

Economic Incentive Verified

Active

Thailand BOI CCUS Investment Promotion Incentives

Thailand 2023

## Policy Overview Managed by the Board of Investment (BOI), Thailand's CCUS incentives are a centerpiece of the 2023-2027 'Green Transformation' strategy. Under the 2024 update, projects integrating CCUS in petrochemical and natural gas separation sectors are eligible for the maximum investment incentive: **an 8-year Corporate Income Tax (CIT) holiday**. This policy is specifically designed to offset high initial capital costs and facilitate industrial decarbonization in the Eastern Economic

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I R M S T

Regulatory Framework Verified

Planned

UK CCS Network Code Framework (Planned)

United Kingdom 2023

The UK’s December 2023 CCUS market vision proposes a single CCS Network Code to govern commercial, operational and technical arrangements for use and growth of CO2 transport and storage systems. The code is a planned market-governance component linked to economic licences and third-party access; the government publication should not be represented as a final standalone code already in force.

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I R M S

Market Mechanism Verified

Active

UK Energy Act 2023 (CCUS Economic Regulation)

United Kingdom 2023

## Policy Overview The Energy Act 2023 is the primary legislative engine for the UK's energy transition, providing the robust legal framework needed to reach Net Zero by 2050. For the CCUS sector, it establishes a world-first **Economic Regulation model for Transport and Storage (T&S)**. The Act designates Ofgem as the independent economic regulator for CO2 networks, applying a Regulated Asset Base (RAB) model. This ensures that infrastructure operators can earn a predictable, regulated retur

UK CCUS Vision (2035 Strategy)

United Kingdom 2023

Strategic blueprint targeting 20-30 Mtpa storage by 2030 through the sequence-based cluster development model.

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Regulatory Framework Verified

Active

Louisiana Class VI Primacy Administrative Rules

United States 2023

Effective February 2024, Louisiana assumed primary enforcement authority (Primacy) over Class VI injection wells from the EPA. The Louisiana Department of Natural Resources (LDNR) has codified detailed administrative rules that refine the federal baseline, with a heightened focus on **Community Engagement** and environmental justice. In October 2025, Executive Order JML 25-119 further optimized these standards, mandating that applicants provide verifiable local community benefit plans. While the

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Regulatory Framework Verified

Proposed

Brazil Bill PL 1425/2022 on CO2 Storage

Brazil 2022

PL 1425/2022 proposes rules for permanent or temporary storage of carbon dioxide and its subsequent use. The Federal Senate approved the proposal in committee and sent it to the Chamber of Deputies in September 2023. It is a legislative proposal, not an enacted or currently operative CCS framework.

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Core baseline

Regulatory Framework Verified

Active

Jiangsu Province Industrial Green Transformation Action Plan (CCUS)

China 2022

As a premier industrial hub in China, Jiangsu Province released its decarbonization plan in 2022, prioritizing CCS upgrades for the power and chemical sectors along the Yangtze River. A landmark achievement is the 500,000 tpa Taizhou Capture Project, operational since 2023. The policy specifically encourages the utilization of captured CO2 for **Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)** and methanol production, with Sinopec leading megatonne-scale deployments in local oilfields. By integrating CCS with

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Strategic Guidance Verified

Active

China MIIT Action Plan for Industrial Carbon Peaking

China 2022

Released in August 2022 and expanded through 2024, the MIIT Action Plan is the cornerstone of China’s strategy to transition its heavy industry to a low-carbon footing. It mandates sectors including steel, building materials, and petrochemicals to peak emissions by 2030, explicitly promoting the deployment of CCUS as a fundamental technology. The plan shifts CCUS from an experimental technology to a strategic infrastructure requirement, particularly for state-owned enterprises (SOEs). By integra

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I R M T

Strategic Guidance Verified

Active

Shandong 14th Five-Year Plan for Eco-Protection (CCUS)

China 2022

Shandong Province’s 14th Five-Year Plan for Ecological Environmental Protection identifies CCUS as the definitive decarbonization path for its heavy industrial clusters in Dongying and Binzhou. The Plan mandates strict capacity controls on steel and aluminum while prioritizing the transformation of traditional energy bases like the Shengli Oilfield into integrated **'Capture-EOR-Storage'** hubs. A distinguishing feature is the formal inclusion of CCUS within the regional environmental risk asses

Greece National Climate Law - CCUS Update

Greece 2022

Updated framework providing legal clarity for offshore storage concessions, specifically supporting the Prinos industrial storage hub.

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Core baseline

Regulatory Framework Verified

Active

India National CCUS R&D and Deployment Roadmap (2025-2045)

India 2022

## Policy Overview India launched its comprehensive CCUS roadmap in December 2025, signaling a strategic shift for the world's third-largest emitter towards technical decarbonization. Led by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), the roadmap outlines a phased approach: Pilot and R&D (2025-2030), Industrial Integration (2030-2035), and Commercial Scale-up (2035-2045). To match this ambition, the **2026-27 Union Budget** allocated a historic **200 billion rupees (approx. $2.2 billio

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Regulatory Framework Verified

Active

Iceland CO2 Storage and Mineralisation Legal Framework (Law No. 67/2022)

Iceland 2022

Iceland’s Law No. 67/2022 amended environmental-health, environmental-assessment and climate legislation to implement the EU geological-storage framework and expressly regulate underground CO2 storage, including mineralisation. It provides the legal basis used for permitting storage projects such as Carbfix. This replaces the unsupported database description of a separate 2024 “CDR framework”.

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Core baseline

Economic Incentive Verified

Active

US 45Q Tax Credit (IRA Enhanced)

United States 2022

Section 45Q of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code provides a federal tax credit for qualified carbon oxide captured at eligible industrial, power or direct-air-capture facilities and then securely stored, used as a tertiary injectant with secure storage, or utilised in an approved manner. The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 substantially expanded the mechanism by increasing the full-value credit to $85 per metric ton for secure geological storage from industrial and power facilities and $180 per met

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Economic Incentive Verified

Active

PBOC Carbon Emission Reduction Facility (CERF)

China 2021

The People’s Bank of China created the Carbon Emission Reduction Facility in November 2021 as a structural monetary-policy instrument that encourages participating financial institutions to provide preferential loans to projects with measurable carbon-reduction effects. The facility supports three broad fields—clean energy, energy conservation and environmental protection, and carbon-reduction technologies. Under the original operating design, the central bank provides funding equal to 60% of qu

Colombia Law 2099 of 2021 (CCS Income Tax Incentives)

Colombia 2021

Energy Transition Law in Colombia providing significant tax benefits for CCS-enabled hydrogen production.

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Technical Standard Verified

Active

CCS+ Initiative: Global Carbon Accounting Framework

International 2021

The CCS+ Initiative is a high-level industry consortium—led by global energy and technology giants including TotalEnergies and SLB—dedicated to establishing a unified carbon accounting logic for the voluntary carbon market. In October 2024, Verra formally approved and published the first modules under the CCS+ Framework (VMD0056-0058), covering Direct Air Capture (DAC), transport networks, and saline aquifer storage. By April 2025, the framework expanded to include Bio-energy CCS (BECCS). The in

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Strategic Guidance Verified

Active

GCCA 2050 Cement & Concrete Industry Roadmap for Net Zero

International 2021

The GCCA 2050 Roadmap is the definitive global blueprint for decarbonizing the built environment’s foundational material. It targets a **25% reduction by 2030** and identifies **CCUS** as the single largest lever for reaching net-zero by 2050, projected to contribute 36% of total industry abatement. The roadmap provides a standardized multi-pathway strategy—incorporating clinker substitution, alternative fuels, and recarbonation. Representing 80% of global production outside China, the framework

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Economic Incentive Verified

Active

Netherlands Porthos SDE++ Operational Subsidy

Netherlands 2021

The Dutch SDE++ (Stimulation of Sustainable Energy Production) is the global gold standard for supporting CCUS OPEX. It operates on a **'Viability Gap Funding'** model, covering the deficit between carbon capture costs and the prevailing market carbon price for 15 years. For the 2024-2025 rounds, the budget was expanded to €8 billion with a subsidy intensity cap of **€400 per tonne of CO2**. The Porthos project in the Port of Rotterdam is the flagship beneficiary, securing a €2.1 billion grant r

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Regulatory Framework Verified

Active

Texas HB 1284: CCS Jurisdictional Act

United States 2021

Texas House Bill 1284 is the definitive legislative pillar establishing state sovereignty over carbon sequestration. Enacted to consolidate oversight of Class VI injection wells under the **Railroad Commission of Texas (RRC)**, the bill was the prerequisite for Texas receiving EPA Primacy in December 2025. By centralizing authority, the law resolves administrative overlaps and accelerates the permitting of over 30 pending multi-billion dollar projects. HB 1284 provides the legal clarity needed f

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Economic Incentive Verified

Active

US CIFIA: Carbon Dioxide Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation

United States 2021

## Policy Overview The CIFIA program, established under the 2021 Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL), is the federal government’s primary vehicle for financing large-scale CO2 transport networks. Administered by the DOE Loan Programs Office (LPO), the program provides **$2.1 billion** in low-interest federal loans, loan guarantees, and grants. It specifically addresses the high capital risks associated with first-of-a-kind (FOAK) infrastructure, where high upfront costs often outpace early-st

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Economic Incentive Verified

Active

U.S. CIFIA CO2 Transportation Infrastructure Finance Program

United States 2021

The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act established the Carbon Dioxide Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act (CIFIA) programme with $2.1 billion available for loans and grants supporting large-capacity, common-carrier CO2 transportation infrastructure. Eligible projects must demonstrate demand from associated anthropogenic or direct-air-capture projects, support geographic diversity and minimise siting impacts, including through existing infrastructure corridors. The existi

Norway Longship Full-Scale CCS Project

Norway 2020

Norway launched Longship on 21 September 2020 as a state-supported full-scale CCS demonstration covering industrial capture, ship transport, intermediate storage and permanent offshore geological storage through Northern Lights. Government project information was updated in 2024, but the underlying policy decision and launch date are from 2020.

Wyoming House Bill 0200 (Low-Carbon Reliable Energy Standard)

United States 2020

A state law requiring public utilities to generate a portion of their electricity using CCUS-equipped coal plants.

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Economic Incentive Verified

Active

Saskatchewan Petroleum Innovation Incentive (SPII)

Canada 2019

## Policy Overview The Saskatchewan Petroleum Innovation Incentive (SPII) is one of Canada's most effective sub-national tools for accelerating energy technology commercialization. The program offers **transferable Crown royalty and freehold production tax credits equal to 25% of eligible project costs** for qualified innovations, including Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). SPII covers both pilot and commercial-scale deployments, providing a flexible financial bridge for high-risk ventures.

IPCC GHG Inventory Guidelines (2019 Refinement)

International 2019

The IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories provide the principal international accounting framework for reflecting carbon capture and geological storage in national emissions inventories. The operative CCS methodology is contained in Volume 2, Chapter 5 of the 2006 Guidelines, covering CO2 transport, injection and geological storage under inventory category 1C. Capture-related emissions and reductions are reported in the sector where capture occurs, while emissions from transpor

ISO CCUS Standards (TC 265)

International 2019

International standards (ISO 27914/27916) ensuring technical interoperability and safety for global storage and EOR-transition projects.

Puro.earth CDR Certification (CORC)

International 2019

Nasdaq-backed certification for engineered removals, focused on long-term permanence (1000+ years) and price transparency.

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Core baseline

Technical Standard Verified

Active

EU ETS Monitoring and Reporting Regulation (MRR) 2024 Revision

European Union 2018

## Policy Overview The Monitoring and Reporting Regulation (MRR) is the operational bedrock of the EU ETS, dictating how thousands of industrial sites quantify and report their carbon footprint. The 2023-2024 revisions represent a breakthrough for the carbon management sector: **CO2 that is verified as captured and permanently geologically stored is now exempt from the obligation to surrender emission allowances**. This effectively anchors the financial value of CCS to the prevailing EU ETS p

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Regulatory Framework Verified

Active

Croatia Hydrocarbon Act (CCS Amendments)

Croatia 2018

Croatia has integrated the EU CCS Directive into its national legal framework through the Act on the Exploration and Exploitation of Hydrocarbons. The legislation designates the Croatian Hydrocarbon Agency (AZU) as the primary regulator for sequestration titles. Amendments in 2019 and 2021 specifically codified the permanent storage of CO2, backed by a €4 million state-funded study to identify suitable sub-surface formations. While navigating minor overlaps with mining laws, the Act serves as th

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Regulatory Framework Verified

Active

Saskatchewan CCS Regulatory Directives

Canada 2015

Saskatchewan governs its CCS sector through a comprehensive set of Directives managing everything from wellbore integrity to carbon credit trading. In May 2024, the province released the updated **CCUS Credit Standard**, formalizing a trading mechanism and refining the legal definitions of CO2 liability. Critically, in early 2026, the province legislatively confirmed that federal coal-fire emission regulations would not apply in Saskatchewan, cementing a governance path where CCS is used to main

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Regulatory Framework Verified

Active

Romania Law 114/2013 on CO2 Storage

Romania 2013

Romania’s Law No. 114/2013 formally transposes the EU CCS Directive into the national legal framework. It mandates that all geological storage projects incorporate a risk-based monitoring plan implemented through all project phases. Managed by the National Authority for Regulation in Mining, Petroleum, and Geological Storage (ANRMPSG), the law establishes the technical and legal requirements for exploration permits, injection licenses, and the eventual transfer of long-term liability. As a count

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Active

Alberta CO2 Sequestration Tenure Framework

Canada 2011

## Policy Overview Alberta’s Sequestration Tenure Framework is a global pioneer in the standardized management of pore space rights. Asserting the Crown's ownership over all sub-surface sequestration assets, the framework utilizes a competitive Request for Full Proposals (RFFP) process to award storage rights. In July 2024, the government reached a landmark milestone by signing the first formal **Carbon Sequestration Lease Agreement** with Shell Canada and ATCO EnPower for the Atlas Carbon St

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Regulatory Framework Verified

Active

Netherlands Mining Act CO2 Storage Framework (2011)

Netherlands 2011

The Netherlands implemented the EU CCS Directive through amendments to the Mining Act and related legislation in 2011. The current Mining Act defines CO2 storage complexes and permanent geological storage, establishes exploration and storage permits, and provides the national legal basis for authorising and supervising offshore CO2 storage. It operates together with the Mining Decree, Mining Regulation, environmental permitting and EU emissions-accounting rules. This record represents the Dutch

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Regulatory Framework Verified

Active

US EPA Class VI Primacy Delegation

United States 2010

## Policy Overview Class VI Primacy is the most critical regulatory mechanism for accelerating the development of the US CCS market. Under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), the EPA is responsible for overseeing the injection of CO2 into Class VI wells but allows qualified states to assume primary enforcement authority. As of late 2025, the program achieved massive scale with **Louisiana (Feb 2024)** and **Texas (Dec 2025)** joining North Dakota and Wyoming as primacy states. The real-wor

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R

Regulatory Framework Verified

Active

EU Directive 2009/31/EC on the Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide

European Union 2009

Directive 2009/31/EC establishes the European Union legal framework for environmentally safe geological storage of carbon dioxide. It governs storage-site selection, exploration and storage permits, operation, monitoring, corrective measures, closure, post-closure obligations, financial security and transfer of responsibility to the competent authority. EUR-Lex identifies the Directive as in force and provides a consolidated version current to 24 December 2018. Later EU industrial-carbon-managem

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Active

North Dakota Century Code Chapter 38-22 (CCS Act)

United States 2009

NDCC Chapter 38-22 is the pioneering state-level legislation that established North Dakota as the first jurisdiction in the US to receive EPA Class VI Primacy. The law formally defines **CO2 as a valuable commodity** and codifies the ownership and unitization of sub-surface pore space. Updated in 2024 to refine project completion protocols and the transfer of long-term liability, the Code serves as the 'North Dakota Model' for CCS governance. By designating carbon sequestration as a 'public use,

Texas Natural Resources Code Chapter 121 (CO2 Stewardship)

United States 2009

Legislation giving the Railroad Commission of Texas authority over anthropogenic CO2 and its geologic sequestration.

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Regulatory Framework Verified

Active

Australia Offshore Petroleum and Greenhouse Gas Storage Act 2006

Australia 2006

The Offshore Petroleum and Greenhouse Gas Storage Act 2006 is the principal Commonwealth legislation governing offshore petroleum and greenhouse-gas storage activities. As amended, it provides the title, declaration, licensing, site-plan, monitoring, closure and regulatory architecture for geological storage in Commonwealth offshore areas. Dedicated injection-and-storage regulations made in 2023 prescribe site-plan, containment-risk, monitoring and closure requirements under the Act.

Iceland Geologic Storage Act (Carbfix Mineralization)

Iceland 1998

Icelandic implementation of CCS standards specifically tailored for in-situ carbon mineralization in basaltic rocks.

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Policy Database

Custom Evaluation Weights (FSRTM 5.0)

China National Standards for CCUS (GB Series)

India Union Budget 2026: CCUS Incentive Scheme

Belgium Federal CCUS and Hydrogen Strategy 2025

Chile Green Hydrogen and CCUS Roadmap 2025

China CCUS Technology Development Roadmap (2025)

China National ETS Expansion to Steel, Cement and Aluminium (2025)

China Batch of 12 CCUS National Standards (2025)

China National Zero-Carbon Park Construction Notice (2025)

Colombia Regulatory Decree for CCUS 2025

Danish CCS Subsidy Scheme 2025

Spain Climate Change and CCS Framework 2025

Gold Standard Engineered Removals Activity Requirements (2025)

Greece Strategic Framework for CCS Development 2025

Iceland Onshore Mineralization Storage Framework 2025

South Korea CCUS Act Enforcement Decree (2025)

Korea MOTIE CCUS Strategic Cluster Designation Criteria

SENER CCUS Legal Framework & CCS Cluster Strategy (2025)

Malaysia Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage Act 2025 (Act 870)

Netherlands Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) Roadmap 2025

Norway 2025 CO2 Storage Licensing Round 1

Norway Longship Operational Framework 2025

Philippines CCUS Development Framework 2025

Romania Operational Law for Geological CO2 Storage 2025

Singapore Carbon Pricing (CCUS) Framework 2025

Thailand Draft Climate Change Act 2025

Climate Law (No. 7552 of 2025)

UK Industrial Carbon Capture Business Model (2025)

U.S. Public Law 119-21: 2025 Amendments to Section 45Q

Vietnam Domestic Carbon Market Framework 2025

Vietnam Decree 119/2025: GHG & Carbon Management

Incentive Regime for Large Investments (RIGI - CCUS 2024)

Federal Decree-Law No. (11) of 2024 & Abu Dhabi Carbon Capture Policy

Australia Offshore GHG Storage (Safety) Regulations 2024

Western Australia Petroleum Legislation Amendment Act 2024

Brazil ANP Resolution on CCS Authorization (Law 14.993)

Brazil 'Fuels of the Future' Act (Law No. 14,993/2024)

Brazilian Emissions Trading System (SBCE) — Law No. 15,042/2024

California Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) 2024/2025 Amendments

Switzerland Revised CO2 Act (CCS/NETs) 2024

Administrative Measures for Greenhouse Gas Voluntary Emission Reduction Trading (Trial)

Guangdong Carbon Inclusive & CCUS Offset Rules 2024

China MEE Guidance on CCUS Environmental Oversight (2024 Update)

National Carbon Peaking Pilot (Ordos) Implementation Plan (2024)

Carbon Management Strategy (CMS) & KSpG Amendment

Germany Carbon Management Strategy Key Principles (2024)

Denmark Negative Emission Carbon Capture and Storage (NECCS) Fund & CCfD

Egypt Carbon Market Framework 2024

EU Carbon Removal Certification Framework (CRCF)

EU Industrial Carbon Management Strategy (COM(2024) 62)

EU Innovation Fund

EU Net-Zero Industry Act (NZIA)

France CCUS Deployment Outlook (2024)

Strategy for Decarbonising Industry (CCUS Roadmap 2024)

Indonesia Presidential Regulation No. 14/2024 (CCS Framework)

ICAO CORSIA Carbon Offsetting & CCU Fuel Rules (2024)

IMO Onboard Carbon Capture & Storage (OCCS) Framework

National Mission for CCUS & Regulatory Roadmap

Paris Agreement Article 6.4 Mechanism (CCS & CDR Standards)

Law 11/2024 - CCUS Regulatory Modernization

Japan Act on Carbon Dioxide Storage Businesses (CCS Business Act)

Japan JOGMEC Advanced CCS Projects Support Program

South Korea Act on Carbon Dioxide Capture, Transport, Storage and Utilisation

Act on the Promotion of CCUS and Safety Management

Kuwait KPC Net Zero Strategy 2024

Kazakhstan Ecology Code (CCUS) Framework 2024

Netherlands SDE++ Climate Transition Incentive Scheme

Nigeria NUPRC Upstream Decarbonization Rules 2024

Norway CO2 Storage & Transport Regulations (Offshore)

Oman CCUS Strategic Roadmap 2024

Philippines CCUS Strategic Roadmap

Poland Geological and Mining Law (CCS) 2024

Qatar National Environment and Climate Change Strategy 2024

Romania CCUS Regulatory Framework 2024

Circular Carbon Economy (CCE) National Program

ADNOC 2030 Carbon Capture & Decarbonization Strategy

Draft U.S. DOE Carbon Management Strategy (2024)

Verra CCS Methodology (VM0049)

Climate Change Act (No. 22 of 2024)